Lernergebnisse:

1. Define density and specific weight, and calculate fluid pressure at a given depth (P = ρgh)

2. Explain Pascal’s principle and its applications in hydraulic presses and brakes

3. State and apply Archimedes’ principle to determine buoyant forces and conditions for floating and sinking

4. Use U-tube and barometer measurements to compare pressures in connected fluids

5. Solve numerical problems on fluid statics including manometer readings and buoyancy

Lernergebnisse:

1. State the equation of continuity for incompressible fluids and use it to relate flow speed and cross‑sectional area

2. Explain Bernoulli’s principle and derive the Bernoulli equation for steady, non‑viscous flow

3. Apply Bernoulli’s equation to explain lift on an airfoil, Venturi effect, and flow measurement devices

4. Differentiate between laminar and turbulent flow and define Reynolds number

5. Solve quantitative problems involving volume flow rate, pressure differences, and energy conservation in fluid flow

Lernergebnisse:

1. State and apply Boyle’s law, Charles’ law, and Gay-Lussac’s law for ideal gases

2. Combine the individual gas laws into the general gas equation (pV = nRT)

3. Explain the kinetic theory of gases and relate macroscopic properties (pressure, temperature) to microscopic molecular motion

4. Differentiate between isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, and adiabatic processes, and sketch their p–V diagrams

5. Calculate work done, heat exchanged, and internal energy change for ideal gas processes using the first law of thermodynamics

6. Solve numerical problems involving gas law relationships and thermodynamic processes