Learning Outcomes:

1. Analyze key indicators such as GDP, inflation, and unemployment using current data.

2. Assess the impact of fiscal and monetary policies on market trends.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Differentiate among classical, neoclassical, and new growth theories.

2. Apply the One‑Third Rule to evaluate productivity and capital deepening.

3. Assess the impact of economic regulation on market behavior and industry performance.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Compute nominal and real exchange rates accurately.

2. Evaluate purchasing power parity, interest rate parity, and the balance of payments in determining exchange rates.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Calculate profitability, liquidity, and leverage ratios using observable data.

2. Perform variance and trend analyses on financial statements.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Differentiate between FIFO, LIFO, and weighted average methods per updated regulations.

2. Adjust financial reports for new lease and pension accounting practices.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Analyze the effects of currency translation (current rate vs. temporal method) on financial statements.

2. Evaluate how multinational operations impact financial reporting.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Assess ESG disclosures and integrate sustainability metrics into financial analysis.

2. Evaluate the impact of ESG factors on long‑term firm value.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Combine data from multiple financial statements to assess overall performance.

2. Identify red flags and perform forensic analysis to detect potential misstatements.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Evaluate the unique financial statement characteristics of banks and insurance companies.

2. Apply specialized ratios and metrics (e.g., CAMELS framework) for financial institutions.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Calculate initial investments, incremental cash flows, and terminal cash flows accurately.

2. Incorporate real options analysis to assess managerial flexibility in capital projects.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Apply MM Propositions and the static trade‑off theory to determine optimal leverage.

2. Analyze the impact of financing decisions on firm value using observable metrics.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Evaluate dividend and share repurchase strategies using NPV and market comparisons.

2. Assess merger bids, defensive strategies, and restructuring outcomes using case‑based analysis.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Evaluate corporate governance frameworks and stakeholder management.

2. Assess working capital management and financing decisions from an issuer’s perspective.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Describe the steps in the equity valuation process and the importance of market context.

2. List key qualitative factors that influence equity value including industry competitiveness.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Apply the Gordon Growth Model and multi‑stage DDMs to determine intrinsic equity value.

2. Utilize FCFF and FCFE models to value companies with non‑stable dividend policies.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Analyze price multiples and calculate justified valuation ratios.

2. Assess the impact of earnings quality and growth on valuation multiples.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Compute residual income and use it to estimate firm value.

2. Apply valuation techniques to privately held companies with necessary adjustments.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Utilize Porter’s Five Forces to evaluate industry attractiveness and competitive position.

2. Integrate macroeconomic and microeconomic factors to assess market conditions.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Incorporate ESG metrics into equity valuation models.

2. Perform forensic analysis to detect financial misstatements and earnings manipulation.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Calculate NPV and IRR for real estate projects with adjustments for tax effects and depreciation recapture.

2. Evaluate risk, liquidity, and market factors specific to various real estate asset types.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain and compute contango and backwardation using cost‑of‑carry models.

2. Assess digital assets and cryptocurrencies as emerging alternative investments.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Analyze REITs and other publicly traded real estate vehicles for portfolio inclusion.

2. Compare valuation metrics for direct real estate versus securities‑based investments.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Describe common hedge fund strategies and fee structures.

2. Evaluate the diversification benefits and risks of alternative investment vehicles.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Describe the unique characteristics of infrastructure assets.

2. Evaluate infrastructure as an inflation hedge and long‑term income generator.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain yield curve dynamics and construct yield curves using spot and forward rates.

2. Apply an arbitrage‑free pricing framework to value bonds.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Value callable and putable bonds using an arbitrage‑free valuation approach.

2. Interpret the impact of embedded options on bond cash flows and yields.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Assess credit risk using the Four Cs (Character, Covenants, Collateral, Capacity).

2. Calculate key credit ratios and interpret their impact on default risk.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Value MBS and ABS while accounting for prepayment risk and tranching.

2. Explain the structure and valuation of CMOs, PAC tranches, and STRIPS.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Evaluate credit default swap (CDS) pricing and its role in risk management.

2. Discuss the impact of liquidity and credit risk on swap spreads.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Calculate the no‑arbitrage price of forward contracts and value FRAs using current spot and forward rates.

2. Distinguish between forward and futures contract valuations.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Apply the binomial option pricing model and the Black‑Scholes‑Merton model to value European options.

2. Determine option sensitivities (delta, gamma, vega) and use put‑call parity to create synthetic positions.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Price interest rate and currency swaps by replicating bond cash flows.

2. Evaluate swaptions and assess the impact of volatility and credit risk on derivative pricing.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Discuss recent market and regulatory developments affecting derivatives trading.

2. Analyze the role of digital platforms in the evolution of derivative instruments.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Construct the minimum‑variance frontier and identify the efficient frontier using variance‑covariance analysis.

2. Demonstrate how diversification reduces portfolio risk by quantifying correlation effects.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Determine the tangency portfolio and derive the equations for the CAL and CML.

2. Calculate the Sharpe ratio and evaluate reward‑to‑risk tradeoffs across portfolios.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Apply the CAPM to estimate required returns and adjust for systematic risk.

2. Utilize multifactor models, including the Treynor‑Black approach, to optimize active portfolios.

3. Explain key behavioral finance concepts and assess their impact on investment decisions.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain the mechanics and applications of ETFs in portfolio management.

2. Implement backtesting and simulation methods to assess strategy performance over time.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Integrate ESG criteria into strategic asset allocation decisions.

2. Evaluate the impact of currency risk and international market integration on portfolio returns.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Describe how macroeconomic conditions influence asset class returns.

2. Assess the interplay between economic cycles and portfolio performance.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Interpret case vignettes to extract key information quickly.

2. Apply elimination strategies to identify the best answer among multiple choices.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Develop a timed study schedule and simulate full‑length exams under realistic conditions.

2. Implement strategies to maximize efficiency and accuracy during high‑pressure scenarios.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Employ relaxation techniques and mindfulness practices to reduce exam anxiety.

2. Plan logistical details (exam center visit, calculator setup, etc.) to minimize distractions on exam day.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Prioritize key topics such as Financial Statement Analysis, Ethics, and Portfolio Management for focused review.

2. Utilize targeted practice to reinforce understanding and boost exam confidence.