Learning Targets:

1. State the cell theory and describe cells as the basic unit of life based on seven biological properties.

2. Compare light and electron microscopes in terms of resolution, magnification, and specimen types.

3. Describe the structure and functions of cell walls, membranes, and all major subcellular organelles.

4. Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structures.

5. Explain cell signaling pathways for protein and steroid signals.

6. Explain membrane transport mechanisms including diffusion, osmosis, active transport, and bulk transport.

7. Define stem cell categories and evaluate the usage of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells.

Modules

Learning Targets:

1. Define biochemistry and describe biological bonding types including hydrogen and covalent bonds.

2. Distinguish between carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

3. Describe condensation synthesis and hydrolysis reactions for macromolecule polymers.

4. Explain the properties of water that allow it to serve as the medium of life.

5. Classify carbohydrates and compare properties of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

6. Define protein structure levels and justify amino acid sequences via the example of sickle cell hemoglobin.

7. Describe lipid categories including acylglycerols, phospholipids, terpenes, and waxes.

8. Illustrate the double helical structure of DNA and the functional types of RNA.

9. Discuss the Central Dogma and the roles of conjugated molecules.

Modules

Learning Targets:

1. Describe the four steps of X-ray crystallography for protein structure determination.

2. Identify key biological databases such as GenBank, PDB, and Ensembl and their applications.

3. Define sequence and structural homology and their importance in evolutionary biology and drug discovery.

Modules

Learning Targets:

1. Identify the component parts and role of the active site of an enzyme.

2. Differentiate between inorganic ions, prosthetic groups, and co-enzymes.

3. Explain enzyme action through the Induced Fit and Lock and Key models.

4. Explain how enzymes lower the energy of activation to speed up reactions.

5. Demonstrate the effects of temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, and substrate concentration on reaction rates.

6. Categorize enzymatic inhibitors and explain feedback inhibition mechanisms.

7. Classify enzymes based on reactions catalyzed and substrates used.

Modules

Learning Targets:

1. Explain the role of light, CO2, and water in the process of photosynthesis.

2. Describe photosynthetic pigments and differentiate between chlorophyll 'a' and 'b' absorption spectra.

3. Describe the events of non-cyclic and cyclic photophosphorylation using the Z-scheme.

4. Describe the three phases of the Calvin cycle: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of RuBP.

5. Explain the role of Rubisco and the conditions that lead to photorespiration.

6. Compare C4 and CAM metabolism as adaptations to minimize photorespiration in hot climates.

Modules

Learning Targets:

1. Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic respiration and their respective energy yields.

2. Outline the four stages of aerobic respiration: glycolysis, pyruvic acid oxidation, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain.

3. Explain the mechanism of chemiosmosis and the role of ATP synthase in ATP production.

Modules

Learning Targets:

1. Classify plant nutrients into macro and micronutrients and state the physiological roles of Nitrogen and Phosphorus.

2. Explain the TACT mechanism for water movement in xylem and the Pressure-Flow theory for sugar translocation in phloem.

3. Describe primary and secondary growth in plants and the formation of annual rings.

Modules

Learning Targets:

1. Trace the path of food through the alimentary canal and explain digestion in the stomach and small intestine.

2. Explain the ventilation mechanism in humans, including the roles of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

3. Describe the transport of respiratory gases (O2 and CO2) in the blood and the role of haemoglobin and myoglobin.

Modules

Learning Targets:

1. Describe the cardiac cycle, the conduction system (SA node, AV node), and the interpretation of an ECG.

2. Explain the pathways of pulmonary and systemic circulation, including specialized systems.

3. Evaluate cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis and treatments like angioplasty.

Modules

Learning Targets:

1. Describe the histology of bone including Haversian systems and the roles of bone cells.

2. Explain the sliding filament model of muscle contraction involving actin, myosin, and calcium ions.

3. Identify common skeletal disorders such as spondylosis, arthritis, and osteoporosis.

Modules